Most of the city's residents speak one or more of the following languages:
Urdu, the national language and lingua franca
Hindko, a Punjabi dialect spoken by the majority of the city's population until the 1980s
Pakhto (and its Peshawari dialect), the most widely spoken due to the influx of Pakhtuns from rural backgrounds after 1980s and Afghanistan
Standard Punjabi, mainly concentrated in the city centre and cantonment areas
Saraiki, a Punjabi dialect spoken by people from DI Khan and Tank
Khowar, by people from Chitral
Kohistani, by people from North Malakand and Hazara Divisions
Dari/Hazaragi/Farsi/Tajik, varieties of Persian by Afghan refugees
Other languages include Gojri, Kashmiri, Shina, Romani, Burushaski, Wakhi, Balti, Balochi, Brahui, Sindhi and English (official and used in tourism).
Only Urdu and English are found as written languages in the city, with Pashto and Persian to a much smaller extent.
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